Dr. Krishna Shroff Dr. Krishna Shroff

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Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a neurological condition caused by an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain’s ventricles (fluid-filled spaces). This excess fluid increases pressure inside the skull, which can damage brain tissues if left untreated.

Hydrocephalus can occur at any age—from newborns to older adults—and may develop due to congenital (present at birth) conditions, infections, bleeding in the brain, tumors, or head injuries. With timely diagnosis and treatment, most patients can achieve significant improvement and prevent further complications.

Types of Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is generally classified into the following types:

  • Congenital Hydrocephalus
    Present at birth, often due to abnormal brain development or genetic factors.

  • Acquired Hydrocephalus
    Develops later in life due to infections (like meningitis), head trauma, tumors, or bleeding.

  • Communicating Hydrocephalus
    Occurs when CSF is not absorbed properly into the bloodstream despite normal fluid flow.

  • Non-communicating (Obstructive) Hydrocephalus
    Caused by a physical blockage in the brain’s fluid pathways, preventing CSF circulation.

  • Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH)
    A condition typically affecting older adults, presenting with walking difficulties, memory problems, and urinary incontinence, despite normal CSF pressure levels.

Signs and Symptoms

The symptoms of hydrocephalus vary depending on age and severity.

In Infants:

  • Rapid head growth

  • Bulging soft spot (fontanelle)

  • Irritability or excessive crying

  • Seizures

  • Poor feeding or vomiting

  • Downward gaze of the eyes (sunsetting eyes)

In Older Children and Adults:

  • Headaches (often worse in the morning)

  • Nausea and vomiting

  • Blurred or double vision

  • Balance and coordination problems

  • Personality or memory changes

  • Urinary incontinence (commonly in NPH)

  • Cognitive decline or confusion

Early recognition of these symptoms and prompt medical evaluation are crucial to prevent long-term complications.

Diagnosis

Accurate diagnosis is achieved through:

  • Clinical Evaluation: Comprehensive neurological examination.

  • Imaging Studies:

    • Ultrasound (in infants)

    • CT (Computed Tomography) scan

    • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to visualize fluid buildup and identify the underlying cause.

  • Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: In selected cases to assess CSF pressure.

Treatment Options

The primary goal of treatment is to restore normal CSF flow and reduce intracranial pressure. Common treatment approaches include:

1. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt Surgery

  • The most common procedure.

  • A small tube (shunt) is placed to divert excess CSF from the brain’s ventricles to the abdominal cavity, where it is safely absorbed.

  • Modern shunts often include programmable valves to regulate fluid drainage.

2. Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV)

  • A minimally invasive alternative for certain types of hydrocephalus.

  • An endoscope is used to create a small opening at the bottom of the third ventricle, allowing CSF to bypass the obstruction and flow normally.

3. Tumor or Lesion Removal

  • If hydrocephalus is caused by a tumor or structural blockage, surgical removal of the obstruction can resolve the condition.

Recovery and Aftercare

  • Hospital Stay: Typically 3–5 days after surgery, depending on the procedure and patient’s condition.

  • Follow-Up: Regular check-ups with imaging to monitor shunt function or ETV success.

  • Activity and Lifestyle: Gradual return to daily activities with guidance from the care team.

  • Long-Term Monitoring: Some patients may require shunt revisions or adjustments during their lifetime.

Why Choose Us

  • Expertise in Hydrocephalus Management: Extensive experience in both traditional shunt surgeries and advanced endoscopic techniques like ETV.

  • State-of-the-Art Facilities: Equipped with modern neuroendoscopic systems and imaging technologies for safe and precise interventions.

  • Comprehensive Care: Multidisciplinary team approach for holistic care, including pediatric neurosurgery, rehabilitation, and long-term follow-up.

  • Compassionate Support: Patient- and family-focused care throughout diagnosis, treatment, and recovery.